Uses of [From] [Off] [Since] [For] In Preposition | KHUB ENGLISH

आज हमलोग Uses of From, Off, Since, और For In Preposition को सिखेंगे। (Today we will Learn Uses of From, Off, Since, and For in preposition.)

सबसे पहले हमलोग 'From' के uses को पढ़ेगें। From का Hindi meaning होता है (से)।

USES OF FROM IN PREPOSITION

From(से) 

• किसी जगह से (From some place)

1.  I am coming from home.

(मैं घर से आ रहा हूँ ।)

2.  They came from Nepal.

(वे नेपाल से आये।)

• किसी समय से (Point of time)

1.  I will work from Monday.

(मैं सोमवार से काम करुँगा।)

2.  Ram will work from 10 o’clock.

(राम दस बजे से काम करेगा।)

• किसी स्रोत से (From any source)

1.  I heard it from Rahul.

(मैंने राहुल से ये सुना।)

2.  I wrote it from the book.

(मैंने ये किताब से लिखा।)

हमारा दूसरा Preposition है 'Off' जिसका हिंदी meaning (से)।

USES OF OFF IN PREPOSITION

Off (से)

• किसी सतह से अलग होना।(Leaving a surface)

अगर मैं कहूँ कि पैन को टेबल से उठा लो तो जब पैन उठाया जायेगा तो वो टेबल की सतह से अलग होगा। इसी तरह, माना मैं कहूँ कि बन्दर पेड़ से कूदा तो बन्दर पेड़ की सतह को छोड़ेगा। वाहन से उतरने को “Get off” कहते हैं। कभी सोचा है कि off क्यों लगाया? क्योंकि उतरते वक्त हम वाहन की सतह को छोड़ते हैं। इसी तरह, किसी हवाईजहाज के एयरपोर्ट से उड़ने को “Take off” कहते हैं। इसलिए क्योंकि एयरपोर्ट से उड़ान भरते वक्त हवाईजहाज एयरपोर्ट की सतह को छोड़ता है।

 It may be a pen leaving the surface of table while being picked up, a monkey leaving the surface of tree while jumping from there, we leaving the surface of a vehicle while getting off or a plane leaving the surface of airport while taking off.

1.  I picked the mobile off the bed.

(मैंने मोबाइल को बिस्तर से उठाया।)

2.  I am wiping the dust off the screen.

(मैं स्क्रीन से धूल हटा रहा हूँ ।)

3.  Monkey jumped off the tree.

(बन्दर पेड़ से कूदा।)

4.  Move the cup off the table.

(टेबल से कप हटा दो।)

अब हमलोग तीसरे Preposition 'Since' के बारे मे जानेगे। जिसका हिंदी meaning होता है (से)।

USES OF SINCE IN PREPOSITION 

Since (से)

• ‘since’ का प्रयोग निश्चित समय के साथ होता है जब भी कभी वाक्य में रहा, रही, रहे का प्रयोग भी हो।
• (‘since’ is used for point of time when the sentence is in continuous form)

1. Since 2 AM/ 2 PM/ 2 o’clock/ 3 o’clock

2. Since 1998/ 2005/ 2009/ 2012

3. Since Monday, Tuesday,……., Sunday

4. Since morning/ evening/ afternoon/ night

5. Since yesterday(कल)/ day before yesterday(परसों)

6. Since childhood(बचपन से)/ Since birth (जन्म से)

1.  I have been working since morning.

(मैं सुबह से पढ़ रहा हूँ ।)

2.  He has been trying since Monday.

(वो सोमवार से कोशिश  कर रहा है।)

 अब हमलोग अपने चौथे Preposition 'For' के बारे में पढ़ेगे।

USES OF FOR IN PREPOSITION

• (से)‘For’ का प्रयोग अनिश्चित समय यानि समय की अवधि के साथ होता है जब भी कभी वाक्य में रहा, रही, रहे का प्रयोग भी हो। (‘For’ is used for duration of time when the sentence is in continuous form)

1.  For 2 seconds/  2 minutes/ 2 hours / 2 days/ 2 weeks/ 2 months/ 2 years / 2 centuries

2.  For a long (काफी देर से)

3.  For a while (कुछ देर से)

4.  For many days/hours/months/years

1.  I have been studying for 2 hours.

(मैं 2 घंटे से पढ़ रहा हूँ ।)

2.  He has been trying for many days.

(वो कई दिनों से कोशिश  कर रहा है।)

• के लिए (For any purpose) – पढ़ने के लिए, देखने के लिए, पैसे के लिए, किताब के लिए।

1.  I did it for you.

(मैंने ये तुम्हारे लिए किया।)

2.  He came to me for money.

(वो मेरे पास पैसे के लिए आया।)

• किसी चीज़ के बदले कुछ और (For exchange) –अगर मैं कहूँ कि मैंने 20 रु की किताब खरीदी तो इसका मतलब यह है कि मैंने 20 रु के बदले में किताब ली। सोचो अगर किसी ने मुझे मेरे दो मोबाईलों के बदले में मुझे एक कम्प्यूटर दे दिया तो यह भी तो किसी चीज़ के बदले कुछ और लेना ही है।

1.    I gave a mobile for Rs. 500.

(मैंने 500 रु में मोबाईल दिया।)

2.    He bought a pen for Rs. 5.

(उसने 5 रु में एक पैन खरीदा।)

Narration Rules [ Direct and Indirect] In Hindi | KHUB ENGLISH

आज हमलोग Narration Rules को देखेंगे।

"In erammar Narration is a way of telling or giving an account of the speech of the speaker before others . " 

उपर्यक्त परिभाषा से स्पष्ट होता है कि किसी कथन को उसी रूप में कह देना या उसको बदलकर किसी अन्य रूप में कह देना ही Narration है I

 Narration का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है ' वक्तव्य ' ( Speech ) | 

Kinds of the Narration 

Narration दो प्रकार के होते हैं 

1. Direct ( form of ) Speech . 
2. Indirect ( form of ) Speech . 

1.  Direct Narration / Speech ( प्रत्यक्ष कथन ) : “ जब वक्ता के कथन को बिल्कुल उसी के शब्दों में व्यक्त किया जाता है , तो उसे Direct Narration / Speech कहा जाता है । "                                              Note : Direct Narration में वक्ता के कथन को Inverted Commas के भीतर रखा जाता है । 
2. Indirect Narration / Speech ( अप्रत्यक्ष कथन ) : " वक्ता के कथन की  परिवर्तित प्रस्तुति को Indirect Narration / Speech कहते हैं । " 

Examples : 

Direct Narration / Speech                             

He said , " I am singing . "                              

You said to me , " Where do you live ? "        

He said , " lam busy today . "                    

 Indirect Narration / Speech 

 He said that he was singing .

You asked me where l lived .

He said that he was busy that day . 

Narration से सम्बंधित कुछ पारिभाषिक शब्द 

1.  Reporting Speech : Direct Narration में Inverted Commas के बाहर रहनेवाले Clause को Reporting Speech कहा जाता है ; जैसे-  Ravi said , " Two and two is four . " उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में " Ravi said ' Reporting Speech है । 
2. Reporting Subject : Direct Speech में Inverted Commas के बाहर रहनेवाले Clause के Subject को Reporting Subject कहते हैं ; जैसे - Ram said , " You are honest . " उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में ' Ram ' Reporting Subject है । 
3. Reporting Verb : Direct Speech में Inverted Commas के बाहर रहनवाल Clause के Verb को , जो वक्ता के विषय में कुछ बताता है , Reporting Verb कहलाता है ; जैसे - Ravi said , “ You are ill . " उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में ' said ' Reporting Verb है । 
4.  Reporting Object : Direct Speech में Inverted Commas के बाहर रहनेवाले Clause में प्रयुक्त Object को Reporting Object कहा जाता है ; जैसे She said to me , " I want to talk to you . " उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में ' me ' Reporting Object है । 
5. Reported Speech : Direct Speech में Inverted Commas के अंदर रहनेवाले वाक्य को Reported Speech कहा जाता है ; जैसे - He said , " I help the poor . " उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में “ I help the poor " Reporned Speech है । 
6. Verb of the Reported Speech : Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त Verb को Verb of the Reported Speech कहा जाता है ; जैसे The teacher said , " The earth revolves round the sun . " उपर्युक्त उदाहरण में ' revolves ' Verb of the Reported Speech है ।

अर्थ की दृष्टि से वाक्य के पाँचों भेदों ( Assertive , Interrogative , Imperative , Optative , Exclamatory ) को Direct से Indirect में बदला जाता है । इनको बदलने हेतु निम्नलिखित दो नियमों का पालन करना पड़ता है_

A . General Rules 

B . Special Rules . 

A . General Rules - 
Direct Speech को Indirect में बदलने के लिए कुछ ऐसे rules होते हैं , जो सभी प्रकार के Sentences में लागू होते हैं । ऐसे rules को General Rules कहा जाता है । ये rules निम्नलिखित तीन भागों में बाँटे गए हैं

1 . Change of Person . 2 . Change of Tense . 3 . Change of other Parts of Speech .

1 . Change of Person 

Direct Nartation म Inverted Commas के अंदर प्रयुक्त Pronouns को Indirect Narration में बदलते समय निम्नलिखित नियमों के आधार पर परिवर्तित किया जाता है 

1. First Person क Pronouns का Reportine Speech के Subicct के अनुसार बदला । जाता है । जैसे 

      D . S . - Radha says to me . " love Shyam . " 

       I . S . - Radha tells me that she loves Shyam .

2. Second Person के Pronouns को Reporting Speech के Object के अनुसार । बदला जाता है ; जैसे 

       D . S . - Dinesh says to me , " You artagood man . " 

      I . S . - Dinech tells me that I am agood man . 

3 . Third Person के Pronouns में परिवर्तन की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है । जैसे 

        D . S . - Vijay said to me , " She is honest . " 

        I . S . - Vijay told me that she was honest 

उपर्युक्त नियमों को संक्षेप में SON सूत्र से भी दर्शाया जाता है । 

S = The pronoun of the first person of the Reported Speech changes according to the Subject of the Reporting Speech . 

Rule ( 1 ) का उदाहरण इसका प्रमाण है । 

O = The pronoun of the second person of the Reported Speech changes according to the object of the Reporing Speech . 

Rule ( 2 ) का उदाहरण इसका प्रमाण है । 

N = ' N ' refers to ' no change ' in the pronoun of the third person of the Reported Speech 

Rule ( 3 ) का उदाहरण इसका प्रमाण है । 

देखें कुछ और उदाहरण -

Direct - - Raman said , " I shall do my work . " 

Indirect - Raman said that he would do his work . 

Direct - Sunita said , " I shall read my book . " 

Indirect - Sunita said that she would read her book . 

Direct - I said to the boys , " You should obey your parents ".

Indirect - - Itold the boys that they should obey their parents . 

Direct - The boys said to me , “ You were our friend and we were your friends . " 

Indirect - The boys told me thati was their friend and they were my friends . 

Direct - He said to me , " She has broken her pen . " 
Indirect - He told me that she had broken her pen . 
Direct - - Hari said to Shyam . " He has lost his bag . " 
Indirect - Hari told Shyam that he had lost his bag . 

Note 1. ( a ) : Reported Speech में वक्ता / श्रोता एवं मानव - समाज हेतु प्रयुक्त We का Person नहीं बदलता है ; जैसे --

Direct - I said to Hari ." We saw Raju singing in the classroom".
Indirect - I told Hari that we had seen Raju singing in the classroom .
Direct - The saint said to us ,“ We are mortal . "
Indirect - The saint told us that we are mortal .

( b ) Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त Editorial we ' य Noun of Multitude ( Government , Jury . Committee etc . ) हेतु प्रयुक्त 'we ' बदल जाता है | 'it'  में तथा ' our बदल जाता है ' its ' में ; जैसे -

Direct - The committee says , “ We are trying our best to give our members the latest development . '

Indirect - The committee says that it is trying its best to give its members the latest development .

Direct- The Hindustan Times says , " Our office reopens a day after tomorrow . "

Indirect - The Hindustan Times says that its office reopens a day after tomorrow .

Note ( ii ) : 

Change of Person में Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त होनेवाले Pronoun के Person में बदलाव होता है , न कि उसके Number या Case में । विद्यार्थियों की सुविधा के लिए नीचे Personal Pronouns के Forms तालिकाबद्ध किये जा रहे है_

Case	First person
	Singular	Plural
Subjective	I	WE
objective	ME	US
possessive	MY, MINE	OUR ,OURS

CASE	Second person
	Singular	Plural
Subjective	YOU	YOU
objective	YOU	YOU
possessive	YOUR , YOURS

Case	Third person
	Singular	Plural
Subjective	HE,SHE,IT	THET
objective	HIM,HER,IT	THEM
POSSEIVE	HIS,HERS,ITS	THEIR,THEIRS

2 . Change of Tense 

Change of Tense के अन्तर्गत निम्नलिखित नियमों का पालन करना चाहिए _

Rule 1 . यदि Reporting Verb Present य Future Tense में हो , तो Reported Speech के Verb का Tense अपरिवर्तित रहता है । जैसे_

The teacher says , " It will rain today . " ( Direct Speech )
The teacher says that it will rain that day . ( Indirect Speech )
Ravi will say , " Nobody was in the classroom . " ( Direct Speech )
Ravi will say that nobody was in the classroom . ( Indirect Speech ) 

Rule 2 . यदि Reporting Verb Past Tense में हो , तो Reported Speech का Verb भी Past Tense में निम्नलिखित तरीके से बदल जाता है_

 ( a ) Simple Present बदलता है Simple Past Tense में ; जैसे _

The teacher said , " Ramesh works hard . " ( Direct Speech )
The teacher said that Ramesh worked hard . ( Indirect Speech )
The Captain said , “ Rajan plays very well . " ( Direct Speech )
The Captain said that Rajan played very well . ( Indirect Speech )

( b ) Present Continuous बदलता है Past Continuous Tense में ; जैसे_

 Ali said , " lam writing a letter . " ( Direct Speech )
Ali said that he was writing a letter . ( Indirect Speech )
The teacher said , " The boys are playing cricket . " ( Direct Speech )
The teacher said that the boys were playing cricket . ( Indirect Speech )

( c ) Present Perfect बदलता है Past Perfect Tense में ; जैसे_

 Sonu said , " Nitu has done her work . " ( Direct Speech ) 
Sonu said that Nitu had done her work . ( Indirect Speech )
She said , " Ravi has written a letter . " ( Direct Speech ) 
She said that Ravi had written a letter . ( Indirect Speech ) 

( d ) Present Perfect Continuous बदलता है Past Perfect Continuous Tense में : जैसे_

He said , " Hari has been playing since 90 ' clock . " ( Direct Speech )
He said that Hari had been playing since 9 o ' clock . ( Indirect Speech )

My mother said , " The boy has been suffering from fever for five days . " ( Direct Speech )

My mother said that the boy had been suffering from fever for five days . ( Indirect Speech )

( e ) Simple Past बदलता है Past Perfect Tense में : जैसे - 

Samir said , " I worked hard toget success . " ( Direct Speech ) 
Samir said that he had worked hard to get success . ( indirect Speech )

The teacher said , " I wrote a book . . " ( Direct Speech )
The teacher said that he had written a book ( Indirect Speech )

( f ) Past Continuous बदलता है Past Perfect Continuous Tense में ; जैसे_

 Amit said , " I was going to market . " ( Direct Speech )
Amit said that he had been going to market . ( Indirect Speech ) 
Arun said , " I was writing a letter . " ( Direct Speech )
Arun said that he had been writing a letter . ( Indirect Speech )

Note : नीचे Rule III की तालिका दी जा रही है , जिससे विद्यार्थियों को समझने में सुविधा होगी_



Exception : यदि Reporting Verb Past Tense में हो और Reported Speech में सार्वभौमिक सत्य ( Universal Truths ) , आदतन सत्य ( Habitual Facts ) , ऐतिहासिक सत्य ( Historical Facts ) तथा कहावत ( Proverbs ) हों , जो सामान्यत : Simple Present में होते हैं , तो Indirect Speech में उनके Verb के Tense में परिवर्तन नहीं होता है ; जैसे _

The teacher said , " The earth revolves round the sun . ” ( Direct Speech )
The teacher said that the earth revolves round the sun . ( Indirect Speech ) 
The hermit said , " Man is mortal . " . ( Direct Speech )
The hermit said that man is mortal . ( Indirect Speech )

Rule 3 . यदि Reported Speech के मुख्य क्रिया के साथ ' would ' , ' could ' , ' should ' , ' might ' , ' ought to ' या let ' का प्रयोग हो , तो Indirect Speech का Tense नहीं बदलता है ; जैसे_

D . S . - Mohan said , " I should go there . "
I . S . - Mohan said that he should go there .

D . S . - Isaid , " I could not do the work . "
I . S . - Isaid that I could not do the work .

D . S . - The teacher said , “ You ought to obey your parents .
I . S . - The teacher said that you ought to obey your parents .

D . S . - Ram said to me . " Might l go now ? "
I . S . - Ram asked me if he might go then .

D . S . - Aman said , " Ler me do this work . "
I . S . - Aman requested that he might be allowed to do that work .

Rule 4 . यदि Reported Speech को report करनेवाले व्यक्ति को आभास हो कि Reported Speech में वर्णित स्थिति में कोई Change नहीं आया है , तब भी Reported Speech का Tense नहीं बदलता है ; जैसे_

D . S . - Ram said , " l joined this college because it is famous for its scientific studies . "

I . S . - Ram said that he had joined this college because it is famous for its scientific studies .

D . S . - He said to Mohan , " Hari touched the feet of his parents every morning . "

I . S . He told Mohan that Hari touched the feet of his parents every morning .

Rule 5 . Imaginary या Improbable Condition वाले Past Tense का Tense नहीं बदलता है ; जैसे _

D . S . - She said , " If my children were older , I would take up ajob . "

I . S . - She said that if her children were older , she would take upa job .

3 . Change of other Parts of Speech 

Reporting Verb के Past Tense में रहने पर Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त निकटतासूचक Adjective , Verb अथवा Adverb को भी दूरीसूचक शब्दों में बदल दिया जाता है ; जैसे_


Examples : 

  Direct Speech   

He said , " I am happy now .”

Rahim said , " I will come here . "

Anit said , "I am glad to be here this morning".

She said , " I shall come tomorrow . "

  Indirect Speech    

He said that he was happy then .  

Rahim said that he would go there. 

Amit said that he was glad to be there that morning .  

She said that she would go the next day . 

Note l . :  यदि Reported Speech में ' This ' , ' Here ' , ' Now ' शब्दों के प्रयोग हों और इनसे किसी चीज , स्थान या समय का बोध वक्ता की उपस्थिति में उसकी भाषा के क्रम में करावे , तो Reported Speech को Indirect बनाने में इनमें परिवर्तन नहीं होता ; जैसे _

Ramesh said , " This is my pen . " ( Direct Speech ) 
Ramesh said that this was his pen . ( Indirect Speech )
Sohan said , " I will do it now . " ( Direct Speech )
Sohan said that he would do it now . ( Indirect Speech )

Note II . : Direct Speech में Reporting Verb के बाद Object न रहने की स्थिति में Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त Subject के भावानुसार उचित Personal Pronoun in Objective Case form को सुविधानुसार Object के रूप में रखकर Indirect Speech में बदलना चाहिए ; जैसे _

The teacher said , " You are a fool . "  ( Direct Speech )
The teacher told me that I was a fool . ( Indirect Speech ) 
or . The teacher told him that he was a fool . ( Indirect Speech )

Note III . : Reported Speech वाक्य के प्रारंभ में भी रह सकता है या Reporting Verb के बाद में या Reporting Verb के दोनों तरफ ; जैसे_

 ( a ) have done my work " , he said .
( b ) Ram said , " Tamill . "
( c ) am ready to co - operate you " Nisha said to me , " because you are my friend . "